Capstone Project - Pt.5 (Fiction Book/Movie) (2 of 2)

Word Cloud 

For the second half of this creation piece, I watched the movie Shutter Island, which was directed by Martin Scorsese and stars Leonardo DiCaprio. In the film, Leo plays a US Marshal named Teddy Daniels who is asked to investigate the disappearance of a patient at an asylum for the criminally insane titled Boston's Shutter Island Ashecliffe Hospital. Soon, he begins to doubt everything and speculates that the hospital has brought him there for a sinister reason, and this is only made worse by a hurricane leaving him stranded and the doctor's being less than cooperative. Confusion gives way to improbable clarity as everything from Teddy's true past starts to reveal itself. I've used a word cloud to demonstrate the main points in the story creatively and tastefully.

Promotional Poster

As for questions I answered in my prezi for the fiction book, the story reveals much of the same things presented in my novel, it shows how an actual, normal person would feel if in the situation of dealing with a mentally ill people, or mental health services in general. For the time, it may have been normal, but now it is quite a problem, because now these people are not getting the help they deserve.

Once again, the fictional portrayal lends itself well to my research, further backing up what I've read regarding treatments (Lobotomies are a big plot point, as well as the introduction of psychotropic drugs) and the overall creepy feel that most get when talking about mental illness and asylums. This is a suspenseful movie and meant to be in a creepy location in order to pull that off properly so it is understandable for entertainment purposes.

One of the better known
psychotropic drugs

Facts are used much in the same way as well, though much more emphasis is put upon psychotropic drugs, which is apparently what is given to Teddy to make him more compliant with whatever the hospital plans to do with him, and it's stated how long it takes for such a thing to affect a person. This, of course, affects the plot of the movie quite a bit.





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Annotation:

Shutter Island. Dir. Martin Scorsese. Perf. Leonardo Dicaprio, Mark Ruffalo, Ben Kingsley. Paramount Pictures, 2010. DVD.

For the second half of this creation piece, I watched the movie Shutter Island, which was directed by Martin Scorsese and stars Leonardo DiCaprio. In the film, Leo plays a US Marshal named Teddy Daniels who is asked to investigate the disappearance of a patient at an asylum for the criminally insane titled Boston's Shutter Island Ashecliffe Hospital. Soon, he begins to doubt everything and speculates that the hospital has brought him there for a sinister reason, and this is only made worse by a hurricane leaving him stranded and the doctor's being less than cooperative. Confusion gives way to improbable clarity as everything from Teddy's true past starts to reveal itself. There is no bias represented in the movie and it is helpful to show how treatment changed from past years. It is obviously a movie, so some things are dramatized, but the core of the facts presented are the same.This movie fits well with my topic by showing how people felt about mental health during these years.

Capstone Project - Pt. 5 (Fiction Book/Movie) (1 of 2)

This part of the Capstone was definitely one of my favorites, unfortunately, it's one of the last pieces to this astounding puzzle. For it, we got to choose between reading a contemporary fiction novel, or viewing a fictional movie of our choice. I've decided to do both. However, each part will be done through a different medium. For my book, I made a prezi to show how it connected to my research. Thanks to the awesomeness of the internet and technology, I can embed it here with no problem so that everyone can view it...

Annotation:

Roux, Madeleine. Asylum. New York City, New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2013. Print.

Staying in a crumbling mental hospital that is currently being renovated probably isn't anyone's idea of a good time, but for Daniel Crawford, a high school student involved in a college prep program, he's forced to stay in the archaic Brookline Asylum on the campus of the participating university because those are the only dorms available. With his two friends, Abby and Jordan, Dan has to confront the dark past hidden within the former psychiatric hospital that refuses to be buried in order to understand his own.As with any fiction book, it has an artistic license with a few things, but all in all it is unbias in how it presents the info within.The fiction book fits well with my topic, and I surprised that I learned so much that I didn’t know before.      

Capstone Project - Pt.4 (Documentary)

Documentary watched

For this part of my capstone, I decided to take a trip back in time and look at the status of mental health services in the past. Though I could not find anything from the 20s, which was what I was looking for, I did find an extremely interesting, and amazing substitute titled: Bedlam: The History of Bethlem Hospital. By the title you can assume what the documentary is about, which is Bethlem Royal Hospital in London, England, or rather it's dark but promising times during the mid 1600s to the late 1700s when it saw a great deal of innovations (though not all good) in the treatment of the mentally ill, the diagnosis of mental illness, and developed the colloquial name of "Bedlam" which means "A scene of uproar and confusion". 

"Dr. Francis Willis" demonstrating "The Eye"

Throughout the film, the story of the famed mental hospital is told by historians who explain it's origins as a hospital, many of the strange characters that resided or worked within the secret building, and even King George III who was known to suffer great bouts of madness throughout his reign with the addition of dramatic reenactments of such events. This method of storytelling works quite well and keeps the audience quite entertained. One such reenactment involved King George's Psychiatric physician at the time Dr. Francis Willis who had the ability to control patients who were too boisterous and could be violent by using "The Eye". Basically, his gaze was so oppressive, it would subdue even the most unruly of patients. Though quite comedic,

Hydrotherapy Bath

it's interesting to see the types of treatment methods created by these doctors. Many treatments most likely would be considered torture in this day and age including submerging them in cold water for hours at a time, bloodletting, purging, and burning them. Though done with good intentions. they frequently did nothing. 

The "Air Loom"

There are no elements of media as this is a very historical documentary, though there is another source of info, and it comes from the story of James Tilly Matthews, a patient in Bethlem who was committed after interrupting a debate in the House of Commons by shouting "Treason!" at Lord Liverpool which prompted his arrest beforehand. Though his family tried to free James, the apothecary of Bethlem, John Haslam, fought the motion and eventually won, especially after the publication of "Illustrations of Madness" which was a collection of interviews from Matthews. These regarded various subjects about mind control by the means of a machine known as the Air Loom powered by the french with such terms as "Lobster Cracking" and "Stomach Skinning". Sounds quite reminiscent of modern day conspiracy theories regarding government mind control via satellites and aliens doesn't it? Through this publication, we have the first case study of a person with obvious schizophrenia. James Tilly Matthews, despite his bewildering mental process, was quite brilliant, and was given many freedoms within the hospital, such as tending to a garden. 

"Melancholia and Mania" by Caius Gabriel Cibber
which adorned the entrance of Bethlem in 1676 

There is no obvious bias in the film, it clearly tells you all that went on in Bethlem and that is why it fits well with my research, it connects in such a way that it shows the difference between institutions then and them now. There are pros and cons to both. On one hand, Bethlem was ahead of it's time, and many people were able to get treatment, but these people were manipulated and exploited by being put on display for anyone who was willing to pay and walk the halls of the hospital, thus making them a tourist attraction essentially. As for it's modern day counterpart, people are not exploited whatsoever, and they are getting treatment that actually helps their conditions, but there are so few places to go, not to mention many do not seek treatment due to the stigma associated with mental illness that could be attributed to historical representations of it, such as what happened in Bethlem Royal Hospital...

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The O'Hallon's Swing

For the second half of this portion, I decided to propose a field trip opportunity to the Glore Psychiatric Museum in St. Joseph, Missouri, which is roughly 7 and 1/2 hours from Eau Claire. Formerly held in a ward of the once defunct State Lunatic Asylum #2 until moving to an expansive building nearby to make room for the asylum to be turned into a prison, the museum was the brainchild of an employee of the Missouri mental health system George Glore. Opened in 1967, it has been in operation ever since and features a variety of exhibits, four floors worth in fact, that entail the history of treatments such as a human sized hamster wheel, a working model of an "O'Hallon's Swing" which would spin an unruly patient at 100 rpm, and more "modern" treatments like the lobotomy and fever cabinets used during George's time working in the system. All of these are shown with mannequins that we happily donated by a department store. There is even a Bethlem exhibit (How perfect, right?)

Collage of swallowed objects

As well as a history of treatments, there is also an entire collection within itself regarding patient art. Such legacies include a collage of 1,446 items extracted from a woman's stomach, which were, but not limited to, 453 nails, 42 screws, safety pins, spoon tops, and salt and pepper shakers. Another patient collected over 100,000 cigarette boxes, which he thought would get him a new wheelchair from the cigarette companies. There are many more, including a lot of contemporary art.

Though George passed in 2010, the museum still thrives, and is open Monday - Saturday: 10am - 5pm, and Sundays: 1pm - 5pm. It is closed on all major holidays. 

Tickets are extremely cheap:

Adults: $6.00

Seniors (62 and above): $5.00

Students: $4.00

Children under 6: Free

Museum Members: Free

For more information regarding this possible field trip location:

http://stjosephmuseum.org/museums/glore/

Documentary Annotation:

Bedlam: The History of Bethlem Hospital. Dir. Joe Matthews. Perf. Timothy Watson, Jonathan Andrews. The History Channel, 2009. Film.

Bethlem Royal Hospital in the UK has a sordid history which eventually led to the colloquially accurate nickname of Bedlam, which means chaos. Along with backgrounds of the more prolific residents at the hospital, including Margaret Nicholson who attempted to assassinate King George III, as well as the doctors and apothecaries who became famous for their now torturous treatment of patients under their care.The documentary is strictly very factual and history based. Because of this, there is no obvious bias and is helpful in showing how mental health facilities functioned in the very early days of treatment for those who wouldn't have gotten help otherwise.This definitely fits well with my capstone because I’m focusing on history for this part of my research and was looking for something that spoke of the earlier days.  

Capstone Project - Pt.3 (Articles) (2 of 2)

As well as having a discussion with one of my peers, I also took up the task of designing an informational poster based upon what I read in my articles as well as all that I have viewed from my TV Show as well. 
The annotations for this part of the capstone can be found of the other articles post.

Capstone Project - Pt.3 (Articles) (1 of 2)

Recently, I was tasked with looking over a variety of articles pertaining to my topic. After this, I took to the social media website facebook to discuss some questions that were raised after reading with a friend of mine from another class who knows about the system quite well due to their mental illness. I cannot disclose their name for privacy reasons, so they will be known as "M". This is what our discussion entailed:

Facebook Messenger Icon

Kenz: "Awesome :) okay...where to start?...I don't want to be offensive or anything...hmm...In your experience with our current mental health treatment, if there is any, have you noticed any gaps that could be cause for concern? Any troubling trends?"

M: "(You really won’t offend me.) I think there are many gaps as far as treatment goes simply because a lot of people don’t seek treatment. One reason being the stigma attached to mental illness. For example: the mentally ill are lazy. They’re faking it. They can get over it. It’s a choice. They’re violent. Less intelligent. People don’t want to label themselves as mentally ill because of all the negatives associated with it. People also are unwilling to admit when something is wrong. We are taught to push through and persevere. We are taught that our attitude deters our success. In addition, that we determine our attitude. Therefore, to admit that you don't feel mentally well is to feel like a failure. Another is the limited funding insurance companies put towards mental health. Most limit the number of hours of counseling or what medications you can take. Finally, people are scared of the side effects of treatment. Some medications have nasty side effects like Parkinson's like tremors, lowered immune systems, and infertility."

Kenz: "Okay, wow that is exactly what I'm looking for. Thank you. I remember hearing that insurance companies are extremely unwilling to prolong needed treatment, so it's good to hear that corroborated. Another question I have is do you think it was a good idea to close many of our former state mental illness treatment facilities like they did in the late 50s into the 80s?"

M: "I think it was a good idea to stop the methods of treatment they used in the 50's. They were extremely unethical and ineffective. I also am not a huge fan of state mental hospitals because they are often overcrowded and run similar to prisons. I'd prefer more funding put towards local mental health hospitals mostly of the public variety however."

Stamp Out The Stigma Poster

Kenz: "I can understand that, the main concern though is that there are so few of those local mental health hospitals, can you concur?"

M: "There are. In addition, they are often quite full. Sometimes people are shipped off to other counties just to get inpatient treatment. We're lucky in Eau Claire to have three hospitals all quite capable of handling at least outpatient care."

Kenz: "I've never heard of that before, but that is good to hear. Do you feel that outpatient care works better than inpatient care?"

M: "No. Different things work for different people. I prefer outpatient because I can keep attending school more or less. Some people need inpatient care because they are suicidal and a danger to themselves or need a therapeutic setting for treatment."

Kenz: "That makes sense. Finally, do you think we've made steps forward in this field? Or are we slowly moving in reverse to times where people living with mental health issues were basically cast aside and mistreated?"

M: "I think were stagnating. With every step we take forward treatment wise, we take another one back when the media demonizes those who are mentally different or turns them into a comic relief."

Kenz: "That is perfect, exactly what I was looking for. You really made me think, and I couldn't agree more."

M: "Yay! Good, good. I’m glad to help. I know a lot about this topic."

I was greatly surprised but at the same time expecting such answers. Throughout this research, I've discovered the overwhelming correlation between the stagnation as "M" calls it and the stigma associated with mental illness. If more people do not seek help, then facilities will remain unchanged. Many of my articles related to this issue. Their links will be posted below on both this post and my next post regarding articles. 

Articles Annotations:

Scholarly Article

National Conference of State Legislatures. "As they see it." State Legislatures 1.1 (2014): 1. Gale Student Resources In Context. Web. 6 Mar. 2014.

Basically, the article is just a list of what certain want to do with their states and how much money they are asking for. One senator in particular, Darrell Steinberg (D) of California, asked for $50 million dollars to restore services once offered to the mentally ill who break the law. No word yet on what happened with that, since it happened last month. There’s no bias, it’s stating the fact that a public official wants to improve the welfare of the mentally ill. It is extremely helpful, because it shows there might be hope out there for those with mental illness and break the law. This fits into my research by showing that not everything is going poorly. There is a silver lining basically thanks to what this California senator wants to do.

Scholarly Article #2

Boardman, Judith B.. "Health access and integration for adults with serious and persistent mental illness." Families, Systems & Health 1 (2006): 1. Gale Student Resources In Context. Web. 6 Mar. 2014.

Because of mental illness, very few people suffering such a fate, face many barriers that make it hard for them to integrate into the general population. Since  the closing of many institutions in the 1950s and well into the 1980s, people who are unable to function without round the clock care are left in despair, and most likely end up in the emergency room. With health care costs shooting through the roof, this is close to becoming another failed solution that can no longer be continued.There are no bias, it is clear and concise what the article is speaking about: the welfare of todays mentally ill and how they are unable to get the proper care they need. This fits well into my research by showing a bit of history whilst  showing that the system today is still not well.   

Scholarly Article #3

Bathje, Geoff J., and John B. Pryor. "The relationships of public and self-stigma to seeking mental health services." Journal of Mental Health Counseling 1 (2011): 1.Gale Student Resources In Context. Web. 6 Mar. 2014.\

This article speaks about the stigma associated with having any kind of mental illness and how it prevents people from seeking proper help,  the most prevalent being self stigma despite the increased awareness of mental health services. It goes on to say that people do not want to be labelled as mentally ill, and that by seeking treatment, they accept the label which hurts their self esteem. There is no bias within this article, it is obviously a study to see the factors associated with why people are not seeking the help they need. This fits well into my research by showing certain factors of why people do not get proper help  besides the fact that certain facilities are not capable of helping.

News Article

Ball, Andrea . "Future is uncertain for mental health care." The Austin American-Statesman 2 July 2006: 1. Gale Student resources in context. Web. 6 Mar. 2014.

This news article from Austin, TX talks about the growing uncertainty of mental health services in Travis County. More people are having to go into treatment, but  expecting a 10% cut in funds,  it’s extremely hard for people to get care. Ranked 47th in the category of funding for such services it’s extremely hard for people to get care. In one clinic, there’s over an eight month waiting list, and it keeps going downhill. No bias is present in the article, it is very clear and concise, giving statistics to back up the information it’s providing. It is helpful because it shows that not just one state  is having issues, all states are having issues. This fits into my research by backing up the idea of our mental health institutions being unfunded and overwhelmed, which is one of the things I wish to show.

News Article #2

Lansberg, Gerald . "Shootings show need for mental health care." CNN Wire[Atlanta] 18 Sept. 2013: 1. Gale Student Resources In Context. Web. 6 Mar. 2014.

After many school and other shootings carried out by people with mental illness, awareness is being brought to the attention of the public. The most recent event as stated in the article, the Washington Navy Yard shootings, shows that the perpetrator was written off as alright, which of course ended badly. This was a continuing trend and still is, which is troubling.This article shows no bias, it states the facts of the prolific shootings of last year and is helpful in showing that there is many issues regarding how mental illness is diagnosed and what is done to treat it.I feel this fits well into my research because it shows that diagnoses of mental illness is not always straight forward, and that most do not seek proper help.

Capstone Project - Pt.2 (Television Show Episode)

Scott Pelley doing the intro

For this part of my Capstone, I chose an episode of 60 Minutes titled Nowhere to go: Mentally ill youth in crisis. It affects the behavior of it's viewers by conveying information and influencing their opinion. It does this by sharing personal stories of parents who have children with severe psychosis who can't find they help they truly need because the only place to go is the emergency room, which is extremely pricy, and the insurance company frequently stops paying in the middle of this crisis treatment, forcing parents to leave the only safe haven for their children in the midst of their critical breakdowns. An insurance company even suggested that a mother should give up her child to the state so that she may get the proper health care. 

60 Minutes Logo

This program affects the attitudes or beliefs the viewer may have by drawing upon those personal stories. In one part, Scott Pelley speaks to a group of mothers who have banded together because of their children having mental illness. When asked what the difference was between being the mother of a child with mental illness and a mother of a child with cancer, or some deadly disease, one--point blank--said: "Sympathy." It's quite heartbreaking, to think that a community would so readily ostracize a person who has no control over the hand they were dealt. No matter what you may believe about current mental health services, this makes you think about how individual people feel, and hopefully makes you look at the bigger picture of how families are affected. 

The knowledge to be gained from this program is quite dumbfounding. After the 1960s, many large, state hospitals for the mentally ill were shut down. This was because the common thought was that local communities would be a better setting for those with mental illness; a place to get better treatment. However, no adequate facilities were actually built, resulting in the number of beds for patients dropping from 500,000 to 100,000. "We have 52 psychiatric beds here at Yale", says Brian Geyser, a nurse practitioner at Yale New Haven Hospital in Connecticut--which has one of best psychiatry wards in the nation. "And right now, all 52 are full[...]" This shows the inadequacy of care in the mental health field. The only option simply isn't working. This is quite a contrast to my non fiction book. In Sybil, which takes place from the mid 1950s to the late 1960s, mental health services was at its peak. Doctors were pioneering new ideas and treatment, facilities specializing in the care of the mentally ill still existed. This television show episode shows the decline of that.

Mental Illness can affect anyone...

The creators of this episode expect you to recognize what is going on in America with the current mental health service system--which is not good for anyone. It does this by showing us actual people, whether it is parents, doctors, or even the patients themselves, in Yale New Haven Hospital. Through interviews and the real life footage is how this carried out.

For the chosen activity, I have decided to post a poll on the right hand side of this blog, in hopes that after reading this post, people will agree that mental health services in America are incredibly bad, if not worse than they have been in the past, but that will be addressed in an upcoming post or posts. 

Annotation:

"Nowhere to go: Mentally ill youth in crisis." Zill de Granados, Oriana, and Michael Rey. 60 Minutes. CBS News. CBS, Eau Claire. 26 Jan. 2014. Television.

All parents want is to help their children, this is especially true for parents of children with mental illness. With less and less sources of help however, this is extremely difficult. Scott Pelley visits one of the top hospitals in the country to speak with the doctors and patients to get to the bottom of this terrible trend of helplessness. He also lays out the facts about the downward slope mental health services are taking. The episode of 60 minutes tends to favor the side that there is little hope for those with mental illness. This is typically standard with what I’ve read before considering where our mental health services are heading.This episode of 60 minutes fits well with my research because once again it’s a modern look at what we have become in terms of our mental health services.  

Capstone Project - Pt. 1 (Nonfiction Book)

The book in question

After numerous occurrences of "missing time", Sybil Isabel Dorsett (The real woman this narrative being based off of is named Shirley Ardell Mason), a graduate student at Columbia University seeks help. Though the incident itself was nothing new, it's how much time that has passed which worries Sybil. After not recovering in the care of her parents, she eventually goes to a Psychologist by the name of Cornelia Wilbur. Nothing appears out of the ordinary at first. Sybil Isabel Dorsett is nothing more than a closed off, depressed individual. This is, however, until Sybil changes into someone else after a moment of extreme stress. Dr. Wilbur notices this, and is surprised. Sybil, as it turns out, is a split personality. This, however, is only the surface. Sybil, ends up having 16 separate personalities, 14 women and 2 men.

Shirley Adrell Mason 

Throughout the rest of this extremely well crafted biography, we learn about Sybil's terrible past, one of physical, verbal, and even sexual abuse at the hands of an unstable mother diagnosed, but never treated for, Schizophrenia. Through this, the death of her grandmother, an already strict, religious upbringing, and her father's inability to take action and save his daughter, Sybil acquires her numerous personalities who take over various aspects of her life, such as Peggy Ann, who is the only one who knows how to multiply and subsequently does her chemistry homework, or Mike who fixes things. At many points during the narrative, each alternate personality makes an appearance, and at one point, two personalities take over Sybil's body at the same time, but you would think that two different people are in the room thanks to Flora Rheta Schreiber's amazing writing style.

Dr. Wilbur, in the meantime, is trying to find a way to help her patient. As a doctor who practices Psychodynamic Analysis, she tries to help Sybil through the standard "sit on this couch and let's talk about your dreams" deal, which was big in the 50s. But, it's easy to see that such a technique won't work and so she must turn to hypnosis as a means to integrate Sybil and her 16 personalities, but it wouldn't be easy. Overall, as well as being a heart retching story of abuse and mental illness, it's also extremely heartwarming to see the motherly relationship grow between Dr. Wilbur and Sybil. It's definitely worth the read.

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Flora Rheta  Schreiber

During Sybil, there are many references to medical practices that were relevant during the time that these events took place, including the use of Sodium Pentothal, or "Truth Serum":  "From long experience Dr. Wilbur knew that abreaction--the emotional release or discharge resulting from recalling to awareness a painful experience that has been repressed because it was consciously intolerable--with Pentothal was a remarkably useful tool." (355). Though attributed with being somewhat unreliable, Sybil (or Shirley) showed great improvement. "[...]Sybil came to know a sense of freedom never before had been hers. Pentothal, a barbiturate that is both an anesthetic and a hypnotic, had conferred the sensation of feeling perfectly well--an experience Sybil had never had before." (355). After her patient's growing dependence upon the Pentothal, Dr. Wilbur tried basic hypnosis, which another popular treatment used by Psychoanalysts at this time. "Her patient was a hysteric. Since the time of Charcot and Freud hysterics were known to be readily hypnotizable. Dr. Wilbur decided at least to investigate this technique. Before she had become a psychoanalyst, she had used hypnosis successfully with other patients." (384).

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The real Dr. Cornelia Wilbur

While reading, I found myself asking a few questions. The main one was: Why, if everyone in the town of Willow Corners knew that Sybil's mother was unstable, why did no one do something? Or, why did her extended family not intervene more than what they did? On top of these, I have to bring up the question of: If the use of Pentothal was a proper choice? Obviously knowing it's addictive properties, why would Dr. Wilbur still administer it instead of going to hypnosis right way? Another question was: How would Sybil be treated today with far more technologically advanced practices in place? Finally, I asked the question of: What would a psychologist under another discipline think of her case and what would they do to help her? Just having a psychoanalyst only gave one point of view on how to handle such a baffling case.

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All in all, this book was an amazing read. At first, I wasn't sure t would fit with what I wanted my topic to be, but I was dead wrong. It's absolutely perfect. Along with insight into how psychology was functioning at this time in history, it also offered a look into the world of one person with Multiple Identity Disorder--or Dissociative Identity Disorder today--and that one person's struggle to become whole again. It's definitely guided my ideas and now I have one period of time down for this project. 

Annotation:

Schreiber, Flora Rheta. Sybil. Chicago: Regnery, 1973. Print
After numerous occurrences of "missing time", Sybil Isabel Dorsett (The real woman this narrative being based off of is named Shirley Ardell Mason), a graduate student at Columbia University seeks help. Though the incident itself was nothing new, it's how much time that has passed which worries Sybil. After not recovering in the care of her parents, she eventually goes to a Psychologist by the name of Cornelia Wilbur. Nothing appears out of the ordinary at first. Sybil Isabel Dorsett is nothing more than a closed off, depressed individual. This is, however, until Sybil changes into someone else after a moment of extreme stress. Dr. Wilbur notices this, and is surprised. Sybil, as it turns out, is a split personality. This, however, is only the surface. Sybil, ends up having 16 separate personalities, 14 women and 2 men.The book is an excellent blend of storytelling and actual facts. It is a bit on the psychodynamic side  of treatment but still offered a good amount of info.This fits well with my research by showing one specific case of how a person was treated for mental illness during this time.